Reading the “Blathwayt Atlas” of Colonial North America
/The John Carter Brown Library, in Providence, RI—one of the great “treasure house” libraries in the USA—holds an incredible collection of maps of the English colonies in the Americas that was assembled by the leading politician and bureaucrat, William Blathwayt, in the later seventeenth century. The JCB reproduced the maps in beautiful facsimiles, with an excellent commentary by Jeannette D. Black (1970–75; also Black 1968, 1978). The JCB has also digitized all 48 maps in the collection and has made them available online (go to the JCB’s digital collections, launch the Luna browser, select “JCB Map Collection,” and then search for “cabinet blathwayt”).
Prompted by some correspondence with a colleague, I thought I would post here an analysis of the entire collection that I prepared some time ago, as part of my never-to-be-published research on the mapping of British America and more particularly of New England. The issue is that Jeannette Black addressed the context of the early incarnations of the Board of Trade and Plantations, their map collections, and Blathwayt’s work, and she examined each map in detail. She did not consider the atlas as a whole [n1], which is quite understandable given the period in which she worked (see also Webb 1984, 417-22). This atlas gives us some sense of the nature of the geographical materials used to conceptualize and comprehend the American colonies by the Lords of Trade and their secretary.
William Blathwayt & His Atlas
William Blathwayt (1649–1717) was a lawyer and Tory politician who nonetheless found favor under William III & Mary II. Among other things, he was secretary to the Lords of Trade (i.e., the Privy Council’s Committee of the Lords of Trade and Plantations), 1679–96; surveyor and auditor general of plantation revenues, 1680–1717; secretary at war, 1683–1704; acting secretary of state, 1692–1701; and member of Parliament, 1685–1710. The Lords of Trade were disbanded in 1696 and replaced with a new Board of Trade and Plantations; Blathwayt was prevented from becoming secretary to the new board by Whigs who sought to curtail his power, although he was appointed a member, serving 1696–1707. Blathwayt sequestered the large archive of the Lords of Trade, including its map collection, and apparently monopolized the information so as exert his influence over the new board (Webb 1969, esp. 398-99; Murison 1981, 113–76). While most of Blathwayt’s library was dispersed through several sales in the eighteenth and nineteenth century, one bound collection of thirteen manuscript and thirty-five printed maps survived intact until it was acquired by the JCB in 1911. This is the “Blathwayt Atlas.”
In form, the atlas was a large “guard book,” which was the usual format in the early modern era for atlases and other volumes of graphic imagery. A guard book is formed by a number of paper stubs bound between boards; pages, whether impressed with graphic images or text, are pasted onto the stubs rather than being stitched directly into the binding. Such a system has two benefits. First, images lie flat and readable when the book lies open, without a gutter to obscure their central and usually most important portion. Second, images can easily be added to or removed from the paper stubs without destroying the book’s binding; this is clearly very useful when assembling a working collection of maps. (The Board of Trade and Plantations would in the later 1700s keep its maps in twelve large “portfolios” which seem also to have been guard books; refer Assiotti 1780).
The ease with which the contents of such a composite atlas can be altered means that we must be careful in distinguishing between the original assemblage of the atlas and its final state. The original assemblage of forty-four maps was recorded in the manuscript list of contents prepared in about 1683 by John Povey, one of Blathwayt’s clerks. However, the wide spacing of the entries in the manuscript list of contents suggests that it was perhaps expected that more maps would be added. And ten maps were indeed subsequently added to the volume, five depicting Africa and Magellanica (Antarctica), while six maps were removed. The list of contents was not updated to reflect these changes, so we have no clues as to when the changes were made, but they were probably accomplished later in the 1680s. In this respect, the final state of the atlas, with its forty-eight maps, might more properly be considered an “album” (Black 1970–75, 2:25–30).
Assembling the Atlas
The following lists the contents of the atlas, emphasizing the contents as identified in John Povey’s index. Maps are identified by:
[n] the page number in Povey’s list of contents, corrected for Povey’s slips in misnumbering several maps; lacking for those maps that were subsequently inserted into the atlas.
“…” Povey’s brief title for the map in the index.
= Blathwayt x, the sequential number in the final assemblage of the atlas; lacking for maps that were later removed from the atlas. This number is used to identify maps on JCB website.
The dates of the maps are largely uncertain, and are generally not given here; refer to the JCB catalog for details.
[1] “Sellers’ Map of the world.”
A printed double-hemisphere world map, by John Seller, depicting the earth’s land masses, probably the folio map that Seller included in editions of his Atlas Maritimus and his Atlas Terrestris in the mid-1670s. Later removed from the atlas.
[2] “Mercator’s projection” = Blathwayt 1
A printed world map constructed on Mercator’s projection, published by John Thornton, using the graphic conventions of sea charts to show the world’s oceans.
[3] “Woods America” = Blathwayt 2
A printed map of the Western hemisphere and North and South America together. Not actually a separate map of America, but the western sheet of a world map by Robert Morden and William Berry, dedicated to Cap. John Wood.
[4] “English plantations in America” = Blathwayt 3
A more precisely framed printed map of eastern North America from Newfoundland to Florida and the Caribbean, also published by Morden and Berry.
[5] “North-west Passage” = Blathwayt 4
A printed English marine map, by Thornton, Seller and others, of the Hudson’s Bay and surrounding territories and seas.
insert 1 = Blathwayt 5 [n2]
[6] “Sanson's Canada” = Blathwayt 6
A printed French map of New France, by Nicolas Sanson, 1656.
[7] “Newfoundland” = Blathwayt 7
An anonymous, English manuscript marine map of Newfoundland and the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
[8] “Massachusetts-Bay”
Probably a manuscript map, later removed from the atlas.
[9] “Merrimack River” = Blathwayt 8
An untitled, anonymous, manuscript map of Massachusetts Bay and New England, copied from that sent by the Massachusetts Bay authorities in justification of the colony’s extensive territorial claims, to which the Merrimac River was key. [n3]
The anonymous map of the boundaries of Massachusetts Bay bearing three annotations on its verso: “Merrimack River”; “This Map was Copied out of an Originall lent by Mr Stoughton & Bulkeley Agents of Boston.”; and, in Blathwayt’s hand, “Memorandum This Map was exactly Copied about 1678 from an Original lent Sr Robert Southwell by Mr Stoughton and Mr Buckley two Agents from New England.” Click on image to see in high resolution (search for Blathwayt 9).
[10] “Nova Belgia” = Blathwayt 9
A printed Dutch map of Nieuw Nederland, by Allard, one of the so-called Jansson-Visscher series of maps of Novi Belgii.
[11] “Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey, New York & New England” = Blathwayt 10
A printed map of the middle British colonies, as far south as Virginia, with an inset of New England, published by Thornton and Robert Green. [n4].
insert 2 = Blathwayt 11 [n5]
[12] “Berry's New England, New York, New Jersey, Maryland & Virginia” = Blathwayt 12
A printed map, depicting the colonies from New England to Virginia, published by Morden and Berry, annotated by Blathwayt and with watercolor boundaries and marginal key by Povey. [n6]
[13] “New Jersey”
Uncertain. Later removed from the atlas.
[14] “New Jersey w[i]th description” = Blathwayt 13
A printed map of New Jersey, by Seller and William Fisher, with four columns of descriptive text and a view of New York city.
[15] “Long Island & New York” = Blathwayt 14
An ornate English manuscript marine map, on vellum, of Long Island and the neighboring coasts, by Robert Ryder.
[16] “Pensilvania w[i]th description” = Blathwayt 15
A printed map of southern and eastern Pennsylvania, by Thornton and Seller, with four columns of descriptive text.
[17] “Maryland” = Blathwayt 16
An anonymous English manuscript marine map of the coasts of Maryland, i.e., the Cheseapeake and the Delmarva peninsula; probably part of a single set, with [18] and [21].
[18] “Virginia” = Blathwayt 17
An anonymous English manuscript marine map of the coast of Virginia, so the southern end of the Cheseapeake; probably part of a single set, with [17] and [21].
[19] “Carolina” = Blathwayt 18
An anonymous manuscript marine map of part of the coast of Carolina.
[20] “Carolina” = Blathwayt 19
An anonymous manuscript marine map of part of the coast of Carolina.
[21] “Carolina” = Blathwayt 20
An anonymous English manuscript marine map of the coast of Carolina, coarser resolution than [19] and [20]; probably part of a single set, with [17] and [18].
[22] “Carolina” = Blathwayt 21
An anonymous manuscript marine map of Albemarle sound, in Carolina.
insert 3 = Blathwayt 22 [n7]
insert 4 = Blathwayt 23 [n8]
[23] “Bermudas” = Blathwayt 24
A large manuscript map of Bermuda, showing its colonial division into parcels of land, by Richard Norwood, drawn by Thomas Clarke.
[24] “Seller's Charibbee Islands” = Blathwayt 25
A printed marine map of the Caribbean, published by Seller.
[25] “Sanson's Antilles and other islands” = Blathwayt 26
A printed French map of the Antilles, published by Sanson.
[26] “St. Christophers” = Blathwayt 27
A printed French map of the island of St. Christopher, published by Mariette.
[27] “St. Christophers & Nevis”
Uncertain map of the two islands. Later removed from the atlas.
[28] “Martinique” = Blathwayt 28
A printed French map of the island of Martinique, published by Mariette.
insert 5 = Blathwayt 29 [n9]
[29] “Monseratt” = Blathwayt 30
A remarkable English manuscript map of Montserrat, showing “facets” of settlement around the mountainous island, as (if) seen from the sea.
Click on image to see in high resolution; search for Blathwayt 30
[30] “Guadeloupe” = Blathwayt 31
A printed French map of the island of Guadaloupe, published by Mariette.
[31] “Barbados” = Blathwayt 32
A printed map of Barbados, published by Overton, Morden, Berry, and Pask.
[32] “Jamaica” = Blathwayt 33
A printed map of Jamaica, on vellum, published by Lamb.
[33] “Slanyes’ Jamaica” = Blathwayt 34
A printed map of Jamaica, on vellum, by Edward Slaney, published by Berry.
[34] “Oglibly’s Jamaica” = Blathwayt 35
A printed map of Jamaica, on vellum, published by John Ogilby.
[35] “Moxon’s Jamaica” = Blathwayt 36
A printed map of Jamaica, published by James Moxon.
[36] “Peru”
Uncertain, probably Dutch. Later removed from the atlas.
[37] “Venezuela” = Blathwayt 37
A printed map of Venezuela, published by Willem Blaeu.
[38] “Surinam River” = Blathwayt 38
An anonymous Dutch manuscript map of Surinam and its rivers.
[39] “Surinam River” = Blathwayt 39
An anonymous, undated Dutch printed map of Surinam.
[40] “Chili”
Uncertain, probably Dutch. Later removed from the atlas.
[41] “Brasile” = Blathwayt 40
A Dutch printed map of Brasil, published by Jan Jansz.
[42] “Paraguay” = Blathwayt 41
A Dutch printed map of the Rio Plata and its hinterlands, across to Chile, published by Jan Jansz.
[43] “Magellan Streights” = Blathwayt 42
A printed marine map of Magellan’s Straights, by Narborough, published by Thornton, Seller, Fisher, Atkinson, and Colson.
[44] “Island and port of Bombay” = Blathwayt 43
An anonymous English marine map, on vellum, of Bombay and adjacent islands.
insert 6 = Blathwayt 44 [n10]
insert 7 = Blathwayt 45
insert 8 = Blathwayt 46
insert 9 = Blathwayt 47
insert 10 = Blathwayt 48
Reading the Atlas
In its original assemblage, Blathwayt’s atlas possessed a coherent and rational structure. In reviewing the above list of maps in sequence, and thinking about the areas being mapped, it is clear that the atlas followed a specific geographical strategy. First, two world maps offered different perspectives on the entire frame of the world [1–2]. Then, two further maps focused attention on the geographical context of the Americas and then the English colonies in North America [3–4]. With the reader now led from the world to the overall spatial frame of the colonies, the atlas presented eighteen maps of colonies on the North American mainland, arrayed in sequence from north to south, from the far north of Hudson’s Bay [5] to the Carolinas [19–22]. Given this sequence, it might be suggested that the coarser resolution map of all of the Carolinas [21] had originally followed its stable-mates covering the Chesapeake [17–18] and introducing the three more detailed maps of Carolina [19, 20, 22].
Leaving the mainland colonies, the atlas’s geographical focus shifted to the island colonies, starting with a map of the prosperous English colony of Bermuda, out in the Atlantic, and continuing with the West Indies. There, a general map of the Antilles and another of the entire Caribbean basin were followed by particular maps of the islands in which the English were interested, specifically St. Christopher, Martinique, Tobago, Montserrat, Guadaloupe, Barbados, and Jamaica. Curiously, Jamaica was represented by four separate maps, suggesting that it was then of special interest to Blathwayt and the Lords of Trade. [n11] Moving still further south, eight regional maps then encompassed South America: Peru, Venezuela, Surinam (two maps), Chile, Brazil, Paraguay, and the Magellan Straights. The atlas’s last map was the only one not to depict any part of the Americas: it represented the island and harbor of Bombay, then the only Crown possession in Asia, and the subject of a long dispute in the 1670s between the English and the Portuguese over the interpretation of the terms of the dowry gift made to Charles II (see Gole 1997).
The systematic sequence followed the same basic principles of scale and regional progression established by Abraham Ortelius in his influential Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (1570) (see Akerman 1995). The coverage was relatively even across the colonies. In other words, the atlas was not an ad hoc creation intended simply as a means to preserve and protect maps of the colonies in the archives of the Lords of Trade. Rather, it was the product of a conscious effort on Blathwayt’s part to create a unified vision of empire and of imperial competition.
The timing of the atlas is very suggestive. After 1675, the Crown asserted its authority over the hundreds of autonomous corporations which controlled many aspects of English life, starting with the corporation of the city of London. As part of the same movement, the Lords of Trade sought to forge the disparate colonies in North America and the West Indies into a single empire under royal authority. That is, the atlas was assembled at a crucial moment by the “bureaucratic linchpin”—Blathwayt—of this movement to unify the colonies (Webb 1995, 418 (quotation); also Webb 1968, 1969).
Implications concerning the Availability of Maps
The pattern of printed and manuscript maps in the Blathwayt Atlas is revealing.
Almost all of the printed maps represented large regional conceptions and only a few dealt with particular colonies (notably Jamaica).
In contrast, all of the atlas’s manuscript maps represented more particular colonies or parts of colonies. At the same time, ten of the manuscript maps in the original form of the atlas were in the style of the Thames School of chart makers [7, 15, 17–23, 44]. None of them bears an annotation of its source, but several can be related to specific purchases listed in the accounts of the Lords of Trade (Black 1970–75, 2:15-22). Seven of the ten maps provide unbroken coverage of the colonial coast of North America from Maryland almost as far south as Spanish Florida.
Of the few other manuscript maps, three were clearly derived from maps sent to London by colonial authorities [9, 23, 29]. The final manuscript map, of Surinam [38], was by a Dutch copyist from an English source and Black was uncertain how it ended up in Blathwayt’s hands, although Blathwayt might have acquired it when he was clerk to the English ambassador in The Hague, just after the Dutch conquered the tentative English colony in 1667.
Of the six maps that were removed from the atlas after its initial assemblage, two were probably manuscripts and of these one was probably derived from a government commission, specifically Randolph’s lost map of Massachusetts Bay made in 1676–78 [8].
Of the printed maps, five were French and nine (plus probably two of the missing maps) were Dutch. Blathwayt himself could well have acquired the French maps during his several trips to Paris, when he purchased books and pamphlets; Dutch maps were readily available in London, often being sold by London map sellers with close ties to the Netherlands publishing industry, and Blathwayt could easily have bought them there as on his trips to the Netherlands. It is also worth remarking that the French maps were all of French colonies while the Dutch maps, with the exception of the impression of Allard’s map of New Netherland (see Figure 3.4), were all of South America, which is to say areas which were not at the time commonly mapped by English geographers.
The maps in the Blathwayt Atlas can accordingly be placed in sets which conform closely to the contemporary state of map availability in London:
• geographical maps of the world, of larger regions of North America, and of certain colonies which had some political significance were all available in print from English map sellers;
• more detailed maps of the English colonies in America colonies—most of which were still limited to the coastal margin—were available in manuscript from English chart makers of the Thames School;
• sufficiently detailed maps of French colonies were available in print from Paris; and
• printed maps of South America (and, by extension, of other parts of the world) were available from Dutch sources via London map sellers or directly from Amsterdam.
Only a few areas, and Massachusetts Bay in particular, had to be covered by manuscript maps prepared in the colonies for more specific reasons than simply giving a sense of geographical structure to the Lords of Trade.
If the Blathwayt Atlas reflects the constituency of the larger collection of geographical materials assembled by the Lords of Trade, we can conclude that the imperial administrators in London during the later seventeenth century relied on geographical texts that were commercially available in London for their general spatial conceptions of the colonies. This point is borne out by an impression of a printed map by Robert Morden and William Berry which was the one map in the atlas which Blathwayt himself annotated and corrected [12]. One of several maps published by London map sellers in the mid-1670s to depict the sweep of the English colonies from New England to Virginia, this map perpetuated a rather incorrect, although understandable, delineation of colonial boundaries in New England: “Massachusets Colony” ran northwards into “Laconia, or the Province of Main”; to its south, separated by a boundary marked by a line of dots, was “Plymouth Colony”; to the west of both, lying between Connecticut and Hudson rivers, lay “Connecticut Colony.” On his impression of the map, Blathwayt corrected these boundaries by crossing out the over-extensions to the names of the three colonies; his clerk, John Povey, applied water color to delineate the boundaries of seven colonial territories and added a key in the margin. All of the water-color boundaries stopped short of the Hudson River, in recognition of the duke of York’s proprietary ownership of New York; none were drawn with any great precision, and there were several glaring mistakes, especially in the northern boundary of Massachusetts Bay (shown as running to the south of the Merrimac River). It is fair to say that the lines were added more as an aide memoire than for any legal purpose. Politically, these boundaries graphically represented the manner in which, as Blathwayt wrote to Edmund Andros in July 1679, “the Jurisdictions of the Massachusetts” had been “somewhat lessened” and in which he hoped to continue to reduce the anti-monarchical “Ambition” of the Puritan colonists (Webb 1995, 419-20, quoting Blathwayt to Andros, 15 July 1679). Cartographically, it is telling that Blathwayt made these corrections on a printed, published map rather than commissioning a new geographical map. It strongly suggests that in the later seventeenth century, government officials tended to acquire their general geographical information from commercially available maps.
Notes
n1. On the analysis of atlas organization, see Wood (1987); Akerman (1995); the several essays in Winearls (1995); and Harley (1997)
n2. A printed geographical map, by Thornton, of the colonies from Hudson’s Bay to New England, with an inset for the eastern seaboard from Maryland to the Carolinas.
n3. This map was first noticed by Tuttle (1915, 112–15). Black (1970–75, no. 8) provided an exhaustive analysis of the map and of its copying by Robert Southwell (secretary to the Lords of Trade and Blathwayt’s mentor) from a manuscript map carried to London in 1677 by William Stoughton and Peter Bulkeley, agents for Massachusetts Bay. The original source of the map—by William Reed, ca. 1665—had delineated Fort Albany and the upper Hudson River; these features, and their related toponyms, were omitted from the surviving manuscript (Black 1970–75, 2:68). The map is sometimes known as the “Stoughton-Bulkeley map”; Boulind (1982) referred to it as the “Blathwayt map.” See also Allen (1982, no. 29) and Benes (1981, no. 25).
n4. A printed geographical map of the colonies, from New England to Virginia, published by Thornton and Greene.
n5. A printed geographical map of the colonies, from New England to Virginia, published by Morden and Berry.
n6. Blathwayt 11 and 12 are impressions of the same work (see n5). Given the extensive annotations by Blathwayt and Povey, Black logically took this impression to have been included in the original assemblage.
n7. A map of Virginia published in London in 1651, annotated by Blathwayt on the verso as “Old Map of Virginia”; so not included in the original assembly of the atlas as not a relevant work for administration, but perhaps later inserted for safe keeping.
n8. A printed map of Carolina, published by Gascoyne and Greene, perhaps just after the atlas was originally assembled.
n9. A printed map of Tobago, published by Seller. Black is not clear that this map was added later to the atlas.
n10. The last set of five inserted maps are a printed map of Guyana by Jan Jansz. (Blathwayt 45), and printed regional and marine maps of Africa and its coasts, published by Seller (Blathwayt 44) and Jan Jansz. (Blathwayt, 46–47), and finally of Terra australis, the imagined southern continent, in a map by Jan Jansz. (Blathwayt 48).
n11. Webb (1979, 1995) discerned a general concern among metropolitan officials to centralize the empire by military force, on the model of Jamaica’s garrison government. However, Murison (1981, 28–65) persuasively argued that legal institutions and not military garrisons were the real core of the centralization process; see also Speck (1984, 389–91). This did not mean that Blathwayt was uninterested in Jamaica. As indicated by his “Reflections on a Paper Concerning America,” ca. 1685, Huntington Library, Blathwayt Papers, BL416 (reprinted by Murison 1981, 238-40), he had a particular interest in Jamaica: “All His Maties: Plantations as well as Jamaica (as Jamaica indeed in eminent degree) . . ..”
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